Mining [a.] Aryee, B., Ntibery, B., Atorkui, E. (2003). They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. These generally relate to financing standards such as the Equator Principles, IFC environmental standards, and criteria for Socially responsible investing. [47] In 2015, Barrick Gold spilled over 1 million liters of cyanide into a total of five rivers in Argentina near their Veladero mine. [52], Mining exists in many countries. Only minor shaking or washing may be necessary to disaggregate (unclump) the sands or gravels before processing. 2. Miner definition, a person who works in a mine, especially a commercial mine producing coal or metallic ores. the business, job, or process of removing coal from the ground: The lawsuit seeks to limit coal mining in that area. [11] Spain was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the Roman Empire were exploited. (1) But like many industries, mining is affected by ⦠Show Examples. These mines are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus, who mentions fire-setting as one method used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. [20] In Laszlo Legeza's "Tantric elements in pre-Hispanic Philippines Gold Art", he mentioned that gold jewelry of Philippine origin was found in Ancient Egypt. Mining is heavily affected by the prices of the commodity minerals, which are often volatile. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including removing overburden and rock debris, called hydraulic mining, as well as washing comminuted, or crushed, ores and driving simple machinery. Learn mining in English translation and other related translations from Latin to English. However, it was the Romans who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the minehead by numerous aqueducts. Today, the development of major nations such as China and India and advances in technologies are fueling an ever-greater demand. However, in some areas, particularly in the developing world, government regulations may not be well enforced. Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal to extract information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transform the information into a comprehensible structure for further use. [64] The EITI aims to increase transparency in transactions between governments and companies in extractive industries[65] by monitoring the revenues and benefits between industries and recipient governments. [53] In 2007 the total market capitalization of mining companies was reported at US$962 billion, which compares to a total global market cap of publicly traded companies of about US$50 trillion in 2007. [50], The waste is classified as either sterile or mineralised, with acid generating potential, and the movement and storage of this material forms a major part of the mine planning process. [45] (As time goes on and richer deposits are exhausted – and technology improves to permit – this number is going down to .5 g and less.) In addition, the price of gold increased dramatically in the 2000s, which increased gold mining; for example, one study found that conversion of forest in the Amazon increased six-fold from the period 2003–2006 (292 ha/yr) to the period 2006–2009 (1,915 ha/yr), largely due to artisanal mining.[59]. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines and some examples are now preserved in the British Museum and the National Museum of Wales.[13]. Electricity is typically generated with diesel generators. These books detail many different mining methods used in German and Saxon mines. Lifts carry miners into and out of mines, and move rock and ore out, and machinery in and out, of underground mines. Hundreds of German technicians and skilled workers were brought over; in 1642 a colony of 4,000 foreigners was mining and smelting copper at Keswick in the northwestern mountains.[16]. [70] Between 1955 and 1990 it provided about $2 billion to fifty mining projects, broadly categorized as reform and rehabilitation, greenfield mine construction, mineral processing, technical assistance, and engineering. Robert Friedel. It is also common practice to rehabilitate dumps to an internationally acceptable standard, which in some cases means that higher standards than the local regulatory standard are applied. This is when the mining company makes the decision whether to develop the mine or to walk away from the project. The rock was then worked upon by fire-setting to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns. Peak minerals and environmental impacts have also become a concern. Otis E. Young. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found close to the Earth's surface. Other precious metals were also used, mainly for gilding or coinage. [82] East Rand Mine in Boksburg, South Africa briefly held the record at 3,585 metres (11,762 ft), and the first mine declared the deepest in the world was also TauTona when it was at 3,581 metres (11,749 ft). Get the meaning of mining in English with Usage, Synonyms, Antonyms & Pronunciation. Mining equipment can generate considerable noise, putting workers at risk for hearing loss. Different elements, particularly rare earth minerals, have begun to increase in demand as a result of new technologies. Processing plants utilize large crushers, mills, reactors, roasters and other equipment to consolidate the mineral-rich material and extract the desired compounds and metals from the ore. Once the mineral is extracted, it is often then processed. Do Canadian mining companies operating abroad face weaker environmental regulations? At other parts of the site, they penetrated the water table and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machines, especially reverse overshot water-wheels. For other uses, see, The extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth. [74] Mining accidents continue worldwide, including accidents causing dozens of fatalities at a time such as the 2007 Ulyanovskaya Mine disaster in Russia, the 2009 Heilongjiang mine explosion in China, and the 2010 Upper Big Branch Mine disaster in the United States. Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great, captured the gold mines of Mount Pangeo in 357 BC to fund his military campaigns. These projects have been criticized, particularly the Ferro Carajas project of Brazil, begun in 1981. London is known as the capital of global "mining houses" such as Rio Tinto Group, BHP Billiton, and Anglo American PLC. Mine definition is - my âused before a word beginning with a vowel or h or sometimes as a modifier of a preceding nounâarchaic except in an elevated style. Noise studies have been conducted in several mining environments. Blasting was much faster than fire-setting and allowed the mining of previously impenetrable metals and ores. i.] Furthermore, the disproportionate revenues the mining industry can bring to the comparatively small number of people that it employs,[68] causes other problems, like a lack of investment in other less lucrative sectors, leading to swings in government revenuebecause of volatility in the oil markets. A study undertaken by Cranfield University has found £360 million of metals could be mined from just four landfill sites. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. Both types of ore deposit, placer or lode, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Gold dagger handles, gold dishes, tooth plating, and huge gold ornaments were also used. нÑÑ Ð¸ÑкопаемÑÑ …, minerÃa, explotación, minerÃa [feminine…. In 1992 the World Bank began to push for privatization of government-owned mining companies with a new set of codes, beginning with its report The Strategy for African Mining. [67], On the other hand, implementation has issues; inclusion or exclusion of artisanal mining and small-scale mining (ASM) from the EITI and how to deal with "non-cash" payments made by companies to subnational governments. [46] The mining industry has argued that submarine tailings disposal (STD), which disposes of tailings in the sea, is ideal because it avoids the risks of tailings ponds; although the practice is illegal in the United States and Canada, it is used in the developing world. Black powder was first used in mining in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) in 1627. [9] The marble was shipped away and was later found by archaeologists to have been used in buildings including the tomb of Amphipolis. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. For rare earth minerals mining, China reportedly controlled 95% of production in 2013. [51] In the case of placer mining, unconsolidated gravel, or alluvium, is fed into machinery consisting of a hopper and a shaking screen or trommel which frees the desired minerals from the waste gravel. English Dictionary: 1. [18] In 1762, the world's first mining academy was established in the same town there. [49] Subaqueous tailings disposal is another option. Furthermore, this highlighted regional and local demand for mining revenues and an inability of sub-national governments to effectively use the revenues. Then, the Push-beam Transfer Mechanism (PTM) automatically inserts a 19.72-foot (6.01 m) long rectangular Push-beam (Screw-Conveyor Segment) into the center section of the machine between the Powerhead and the cutter-head. What is mining? Huge trucks, shovels and cranes are employed in surface mining to move large quantities of overburden and ore. These were used to make early tools and weapons; for example, high quality flint found in northern France, southern England and Poland was used to create flint tools. [73] While mining today is substantially safer than it was in previous decades, mining accidents still occur. Landlords who owned the base metals and coal under their estates then had a strong inducement to extract these metals or to lease the deposits and collect royalties from mine operators. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the Ngwenya Mine in Eswatini (Swaziland), which radiocarbon dating shows to be about 43,000 years old. As the 21st century begins, a globalized mining industry of large multinational corporations has arisen. [95], "Underground mining" redirects here. MIT Press. The exploration sector is typically made up of individuals and small mineral resource companies, called "juniors", which are dependent on venture capital. (military) The activity of placing explosives underground, rigged to explode. Medieval knights, for example, were often laden with up to 100 pounds (45 kg) of plate or chain link armour in addition to swords, lances and other weapons. Learn more. [23], In the early 20th century, the gold and silver rush to the western United States also stimulated mining for coal as well as base metals such as copper, lead, and iron. [56] Mining in India is a significant part of that country's economy. These tailings can be toxic. High wall mining can produce thousands of tons of coal in contour-strip operations with narrow benches, previously mined areas, trench mine applications and steep-dip seams with controlled water-inflow pump system and/or a gas (inert) venting system. Mining companies have used this oversight from the financial sector to argue for some level of industry self-regulation. They built numerous aqueducts to supply water to the minehead. Due to differences in the social structure of society, the increasing extraction of mineral deposits spread from central Europe to England in the mid-sixteenth century. 2. This device was powered by animals and used the same principles used for grain threshing.[19]. An example is the in-use stock of copper. [71] The World Bank established mining codes intended to increase foreign investment; in 1988 it solicited feedback from 45 mining companies on how to increase their involvement.[41]:20. [55] The mineral industry of Africa includes the mining of various minerals; it produces relatively little of the industrial metals copper, lead, and zinc, but according to one estimate has as a percent of world reserves 40% of gold, 60% of cobalt, and 90% of the world's platinum group metals. [62] By the beginning of the 21st century the booming and increasingly complex mining sector in mineral-rich countries was providing only slight benefits to local communities, especially in given the sustainability issues. Since most metals are present in ores as oxides or sulfides, the metal needs to be reduced to its metallic form. Between 1932 and 1999, copper in use in the US rose from 73 kilograms (161 lb) to 238 kilograms (525 lb) per person. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when fire-setting was used. Any material that cannot be grown must be mined. You have searched the English word "Mining" which meaning "اÙتعدÙÙ" in Arabic. [36] Landfill mining has been thought of as a solution to dealing with long-term methane emissions and local pollution.[37]. & Rogers, J. Preliminary Geologic Map of the Picture Rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle Sante Fe County, Central New Mexico. In 1997, Latin America's largest miner Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD) was privatized. Geometallurgy combines the geologic sciences with extractive metallurgy and mining. [41]:22 The results of these codes were analyzed by a group from the University of Quebec, which concluded that the codes promote foreign investment but "fall very short of permitting sustainable development". Air Shaft - A vertical opening into a mine for the passage of air. Some outstanding examples of Philippine jewelry included necklaces, belts, armlets and rings placed around the waist. In high wall mining, the coal seam is penetrated by a continuous miner propelled by a hydraulic Push-beam Transfer Mechanism (PTM). When a full tank was opened, the flood of water sluiced away the overburden to expose the bedrock underneath and any gold veins. "Principles: Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)", "Report of 5th EITI Global Conference in Paris, 2011", "Advancing the EITI in the Mining Sector: Implementation Issues", "Promoting Transparency in the Extractive Sectors: An EITI Training for Tanzania Legislators", Mining, Sustainability and Risk:World Bank Group Experiences, The Challenges of Development, Mining Codes in Africa And Corporate Responsibility, "NORA Mining Sector Council | NIOSH | CDC", "Mission | Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA)", "Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981–2010", "Summary of Longwall and Continuous Miner Section Noise Studies in Underground Coal Mines", "Worker exposure and equipment noise in large surface coal mines", "Evaluating hearing loss risks in the mining industry through MSHA citations", "TauTona, Anglo Gold – Mining Technology", "TauTona to take 'deepest mine' accolade", "Mineral deposits: from their origin to their environmental impacts", "Chuquicamata's Life Underground Will Cost a Fortune, but is Likely to Pay Off for Codelco | Copper Investing News", "http://www.macfarlanes.com/media/1467/landfill-mining-new-opportunities-ahead.pdf", "Study shows around £360 million of metals could be mined from just four landfill sites", "http://www.elfm.eu/Uploads/ELFM/FILE_79F81D49-34DC-4B5B-9BFC-5E5101CE7520.PDF", "Assessing the opportunities of landfill mining", Gold mines may owe their origins to bacteria, An introduction to geology and hard rock mining, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining&oldid=990985098, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013, Articles with dead external links from November 2016, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from December 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Make the environment-poverty link and introduce cutting-edge wealth measures and. , armour, stirrups, and exposure to excess heat are also known hazards,..., but all regions of the Picture rock 7.5 – Minute Quadrangle Sante County! 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